Although this advancement has been driven largely by the introduction of handheld global positioning systems (GPS), and more recently, smartphones and tablet computers with built-in GPS that facilitate geo-tagged data collection, it also highlights the increased awareness of the importance of the spatial aspect when developing efficacious animal disease surveillance and control strategies ( Table 1 Over the last 30 years it has become commonplace for epidemiological studies or surveys to collect locational (spatial) attributes for disease data ( Pfeiffer et al., 2008). We discuss the advantages, limitations and applications of each, and highlight studies where they have been used effectively. This paper provides a comprehensive review of a range of innovative sources of spatial animal and human health data including data warehouses, mHealth, Google Earth, volunteered geographic information and mining of internet-based big data sources such as Google and Twitter. In addition, cartography has moved beyond the realm of professionals to crowdsourced mapping projects that play a crucial role in disease control and surveillance of outbreaks such as the 2014 West Africa Ebola epidemic. Although this advancement was driven largely by the introduction of handheld global positioning systems (GPS), and more recently, smartphones and tablets with built-in GPS, the collection of georeferenced disease data has moved beyond the use of handheld GPS devices and there now exist numerous sources of crowdsourced georeferenced disease data such as that available from georeferencing of Google search queries or Twitter messages.
During the last 30 years it has become commonplace for epidemiological studies to collect locational attributes of disease data.
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